Reign Name: Shunzi
Personal Name: Fulin
Posthumous Name: Qing Shi Zu
Temple Name: Qing Zhang Di
Reign Years: 1643 - 1661
Familial Connection: 9th son of his predecessor Hong Taiji; father of Emperor Kangxi
Interesting Facts:
- became emperor at the age of 5 via a vote of the Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
- Prince Dorgon, Shunzhi's regent, held the real power until Dorgon's death in 1650
Major Accomplishments:
- finish the conquest of the Ming Dynasty and elimination of all Ming remnants in Mainland China
- consolidated Manchurian minority governance over the Han majority
Reign Name: Kangxi
Personal Name: Xuanye
Posthumous Name: Rendi
Temple Name: Shengzu
Reign Years: 1661 - 1722
Familial Connection: 3rd son of Emperor Shunzhi, father of Emperor Yongzheng
Interesting Facts:
- longest reigning emperor in Chinese history (Qianlong ruled de facto for for more years but abdicated before he surpassed his grandfather's reign time
Major Accomplishments:
- suppressed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories
- conquered the Kingdom of Tungning founded by Ming noblemen
- stopped the expansion of Tsarist Russia
Reign Name: Yongzheng
Personal Name: Yinzhen
Posthumous Name: Xiandi
Temple Name: Shizong
Reign Years: 1822 - 1735
Familial Connection: 4th son of Emperor Kangxi, father of Emperor Qianlong
Interesting Facts:
- because Kangxi did not name an heir, his succession was disputed
- a common myth claims that he changed the will from having the 14th son of Kangxi to 4th (himself) to succeed; however, this is impossible because the will was written in two languages, Chinese & Manchurian and Manchurian writing could not be altered easily
- to prevent another succession crisis, he hid the name of his successor and ordered it revealed in the presence of senior ministers and nobles
Major Accomplishments:
- cracked down on corruption
- improved the finances of the state
- founded the Grand Council, an important policy-making institution that heavily influenced later Qing politics
Reign Name: Qianlong
Personal Name: Hongli
Posthumous Name: Chundi
Temple Name: Gaozong
Reign Years: 1735 - 1796
Familial Connection: 4th son of Emperor Yongzheng, father of Emperor Jiaqing
Interesting Facts:
- abdicated in favor of his son Emperor Jiaqing in 1796 so his the length of his reign would not eclipse Kangxi's reign
- held the title of Retired Emperor for four years after his abdication but remained de facto ruler of China
Major Accomplishments:
- launched ten campaigns maintaining the unity of the Qing Empire and doubling the size of the Qing Empire
- major artistic patron and greatly expanded the imperial collection
Reign Name: Jiaqing
Personal Name: Yongyan
Posthumous Name: Ruidi
Temple Name: Renzong
Reign Years: 1796 - 1820
Familial Connection: 15th son of Emperor Qianlong, father of Emperor Daoguang
Interesting Facts:
- his rule was de jure for the first four years of his reign
Major Accomplishments & Events:
- prosecuted Qianlong's corrupt favorite Heshen confiscating his wealth for the state coffers & striping all his titles
- persecuted Christians
Reign Name: Daoguang
Personal Name: Minning
Posthumous Name: Chengdi
Temple Name: Xuanzong
Reign Years: 1820 - 1850
Familial Connection: 2nd son of Jiaqing Emperor, father of Xianfeng Emperor
Interesting Facts:
Major Accomplishments & Events:
- played a major role in defending the imperial palace from the White Lotus rebels prior to his succession
- signed the first of the many unequal treaties with western powers
- furthered Emperor Jiaqing's persecution of Christians
Reign Name: Xianfeng
Personal Name: Yizhu
Posthumous Name: Xiandi
Temple Name: Wenzong
Reign Years: 1850 - 1861
Familial Connection: 4th son of Daoguang Emperor, father of Tongzhi Emperor
Interesting Facts:
- his concubine Noble Consort Yi became Empress Dowager Cixi
Major Accomplishments & Events:
- his reign marked the beginning of the rebellions (including the Taiping Rebellion & the Nien Rebellion)
- appointed his half-brother Prince Gong as Imperial Envoy who conducted the successful negotiations with the western powers at the Convention of Beijing
Reign Name: Tongzhi
Personal Name: Zaichun
Posthumous Name: Yidi
Temple Name: Muzong
Reign Years: 1861 - 1875
Familial Connection: only surviving son of Daoguang Emperor
Interesting Facts:
- he became emperor at the age of 5 and passed away at the age of 18
- his mother, Empress Dowager Cixi was the de facto ruler of China
Major Accomplishments
- none; Tongzhi never took power from Cixi
Reign Name: Guangxu
Personal Name: Zaitian
Posthumous Name: Jingdi
Temple Name: Dezong
Reign Years: 1875 - 1908
Familial Connection: 2nd son of Prince Chun (Yixuan), grandson of Emperor Daoguang
Interesting Facts:
- despite his 34 year reign, he only governed in practice from 1889 - 1898 before Cixi launched a coup
- died from arsenic poisoning one day before Empress Dowager Cixi & theories point to likely assassin as either Cixi or Yuan Shikai
- spent the last decade of his reign in house arrest
Major Accomplishments:
- attempted (but failed) the most ambitious westernization in the example of Japan's Meiji Restoration
Reign Name: Xuantong
Personal Name: Puyi Henry
Posthumous Name: Xundi
Temple Name: (none)
Reign Years: 1908 - 1912, July 1 - 12, 1917 (2nd reign was a restoration by warlord Zhang Xun)
Familial Connection: son of the 2nd Prince Chun (Zaifeng), grandson of Prince Chun (Yixuan), great-grandson of Emperor Daoguang
Interesting Facts:
- last Chinese Emperor:
- ruled as Emperor Kangde under the title Datong as a figurehead for the Empire of Japan
Major Accomplishments:
- never ruled and his father the 2nd Prince Chun served as regent
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